Emergence of a Classical Dirac-Type Spin from On-Shell Factorisation and Liouvillian Evolution

Abstract

While Liouville's theorem is first order in time for the phase-space distribution itself, the relativistic mass-shell constraint $p^\mu p_\mu = m^2$ is naively second order in energy. We argue it is reasonable to unify both energy branches within a single Hamiltonian by factorising $(p^2 - m^2)$ in analogy with Dirac's approach in relativistic quantum mechanics. We show the resulting matrix-based Liouville equation remains first order and naturally yields a $4\times4$ matrix-valued probability density function in phase space as a classical analogue of a relativistic spin-half Wigner function.

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