BeePL: Correct-by-compilation kernel extensions
Abstract
eBPF is a technology that allows developers to safely extend kernel functionality without modifying kernel source code or developing loadable kernel modules. Since the kernel governs critical system operations and enforces isolation boundaries between user space and privileged data, any mechanism that modifies its behavior must meet the highest standards of safety and correctness. To this end, the eBPF toolchain includes a verifier, which statically checks safety properties such as memory access validity, bounded loops, and type correctness before loading the program into the kernel. However, the existing verifier is both overly conservative in some cases-rejecting valid programs-and unsound in others, permitting unsafe behavior that violates the intended semantics of the kernel interface. To address these challenges, we introduce BeePL, a domain-specific language for eBPF with a formally verified type system. The BeePL type system, along with the language design, statically enforces key safety properties such as type-correct memory access, safe pointer usage, absence of unbounded loops, and structured control flow. These guarantees are backed by formal type soundness proofs, ensuring that well-typed programs satisfy the safety invariants required by the eBPF execution environment. BeePL also proves that well-typed source programs meet critical eBPF-specific properties related to memory safety, termination, and control flow, enabling high-level reasoning prior to compilation. For properties not fully enforceable statically-such as dynamic bounds and undefined behavior-BeePL inserts semantics-preserving runtime checks during compilation. We develop a verified compilation strategy that extends CompCert to generate BPF bytecode from BeePL programs, establishing a principled foundation for an end-to-end verifiable toolchain for safe kernel extensions.