Secure Multi-Modal Data Fusion in Federated Digital Health Systems via MCP
Abstract
Secure and interoperable integration of heterogeneous medical data remains a grand challenge in digital health. Current federated learning (FL) frameworks offer privacy-preserving model training but lack standardized mechanisms to orchestrate multi-modal data fusion across distributed and resource-constrained environments. This study introduces a novel framework that leverages the Model Context Protocol (MCP) as an interoperability layer for secure, cross-agent communication in multi-modal federated healthcare systems. The proposed architecture unifies three pillars: (i) multi-modal feature alignment for clinical imaging, electronic medical records, and wearable IoT data; (ii) secure aggregation with differential privacy to protect patient-sensitive updates; and (iii) energy-aware scheduling to mitigate dropouts in mobile clients. By employing MCP as a schema-driven interface, the framework enables adaptive orchestration of AI agents and toolchains while ensuring compliance with privacy regulations. Experimental evaluation on benchmark datasets and pilot clinical cohorts demonstrates up to 9.8\% improvement in diagnostic accuracy compared with baseline FL, a 54\% reduction in client dropout rates, and clinically acceptable privacy--utility trade-offs. These results highlight MCP-enabled multi-modal fusion as a scalable and trustworthy pathway toward equitable, next-generation federated health infrastructures.