CyberSec Research

The concept of cluster towers was introduced by the second author and Krithika in [4] along with a question which was answered by the first author and Bhagwat in [1]. In this article we introduce the concept of minimal generating sets of splitting field and connect it to the concept of cluster towers. We establish that there exist infinitely many irreducible polynomials over rationals for which the splitting field has two extreme minimal generating sets (one of given cardinality and other of minimum cardinality) and for which we have two extreme cluster towers (one of given length and other of minimum length). We prove interesting properties of cluster tower associated with minimal generating set that we constructed in proof of the theorem and as a consequence get that degree sequence depends on the ordering even when we work with minimal generating set. We also establish an equivalent condition for a set to be minimum minimal generating set for a certain family of polynomials over rationals and count the total number of minimum minimal generating sets.

We show that there is an additive $F_\sigma$ subgroup $A$ of $\mathbb{R}$ and $x \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $\mathrm{dim_H} (A) = \frac{1}{2}$ and $A + x A =\mathbb{R}$. However, if $A \subseteq \mathbb{R}$ is a subring of $\mathbb{R}$ and there is $x \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $A + x A =\mathbb{R}$, then $A =\mathbb{R}$. Moreover, assuming the continuum hypothesis (CH), there is a subgroup $A$ of $\mathbb{R}$ with $\mathrm{dim_H} (A) = 0$ such that $x \not\in \mathbb{Q}$ if and only if $A + x A =\mathbb{R}$ for all $x \in \mathbb{R}$. A key ingredient in the proof of this theorem consists of some techniques in recursion theory and algorithmic randomness. We believe it may lead to applications to other constructions of exotic sets of reals. Several other theorems on measurable, and especially Borel and analytic subgroups and subfields of the reals are presented. We also discuss some of these results in the $p$-adics.

Kropholler's operation ${\scriptstyle{{\bf LH}}}$ and Talelli's operation $\Phi$ can be often used to formally enlarge the class of available examples of groups that satisfy certain homological conditions. In this paper, we employ this enlargement technique regarding two specific homological conditions. We thereby demonstrate the abundance of groups that (a) have virtually Gorenstein group algebras, as defined by Beligiannis and Reiten, and (b) satisfy Moore's conjecture on the relation between projectivity and relative projectivity, that was studied by Aljadeff and Meir.

By strengthening known results about primitivity-blocking words in free groups, we prove that for any nontrivial element w of a free group of finite rank, there are words that cannot be subwords of any cyclically reduced automorphic image of w. This has implications for the average-case complexity of Whitehead's problem.

Let $R$ be a finite group, and let $T$ be a subgroup of $R$. We show that there are at most \[ 7.3722[R:T]^{\frac{\log_2[R:T]}{4}+1.8919} \] subgroups of $R$ containing $T$.

Let $E/F$ be a cyclic field extension of degree $n$, and let $\sigma$ generate the group Gal$(E/F)$. If Tr${}^E_F(y)=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sigma^i y=0$, then the additive form of Hilbert's Theorem 90 asserts that $y=\sigma x-x$ for some $x\in E$. Suppose that $E$ has characteristic $p$. We prove that $x$ gives rise to a periodic sequence $x_0,x_1,\dots$ which has period $pn_p$, where $n_p$ is the largest $p$-power that divides $n$. As an application, we find closed-form expressions for the roots of Artin-Schreier polynomials $t^p-t-y$. Let $y$ lie in the finite field $F_{p^n}$ of order $p^n$. The Artin-Schreier polynomial $t^p-t-y\in F_{p^n}[t]$ is reducible precisely when $\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}y^{p^i}=0$. In this case, $t^p-t-y=\prod_{k=0}^{p-1}(t-x-k)$ where $x=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^{i-1}z^{p^j}y^{p^i}$ for some $z\in F_{p^e}$ and $e=n_p$. The sequence $\left(\sum_{j=0}^{i-1}z^{p^j}\right)_{i\ge0}$ is periodic with period $pe$, and if $e$ is small, then we give explicit $z$.

Let $\mathbb{E}$ be the HNN-extension of a group $B$ with subgroups $H$ and $K$ associated according to an isomorphism $\varphi\colon H \to K$. Suppose that $H$ and $K$ are normal in $B$ and $(H \cap K)\varphi = H \cap K$. Under these assumptions, we prove necessary and sufficient conditions for $\mathbb{E}$ to be residually a $\mathcal{C}$-group, where $\mathcal{C}$ is a class of groups closed under taking subgroups, quotient groups, and unrestricted wreath products. Among other things, these conditions give new facts on the residual finiteness and the residual $p$-finiteness of the group $\mathbb{E}$.

For uniform lattices $\Gamma$ in rank 1 Lie groups, we construct Anosov representations of virtual doubles of $\Gamma$ along certain quasiconvex subgroups. We also show that virtual HNN extensions of these lattices over some cyclic subgroups admit Anosov embeddings. In addition, we prove that for any Anosov subgroup $\Gamma$ of a real semisimple linear Lie group $\mathsf{G}$ and any infinite abelian subgroup $\mathrm{H} $ of $ \Gamma$, there exists a finite-index subgroup $\Gamma' $ of $ \Gamma$ containing $\mathrm{H}$ such that the double $\Gamma' *_{\mathrm{H}} \Gamma'$ admits an Anosov representation, thereby confirming a conjecture of [arXiv:2112.05574]. These results yield numerous examples of one-ended hyperbolic groups that do not admit discrete and faithful representations into rank 1 Lie groups but do admit Anosov embeddings into higher-rank Lie groups.

Let M be a compact hyperbolic manifold with totally geodesic boundary. If the injectivity radius of the boundary is larger than an explicit function of the normal injectivity radius of the boundary, we show that there is a negatively curved metric on the space obtained by coning each boundary component of M to a point. Moreover, we give explicit geometric conditions under which a locally convex subset of M gives rise to a locally convex subset of the cone-off. Group-theoretically, we conclude that the fundamental group of the cone-off is hyperbolic and the image of the fundamental group of the coned-off locally convex subset is a quasi-convex subgroup.

According to Cartan, given an ideal $\mathcal I$ of $\mathbb N$, a sequence $(x_n)_{n\in\mathbb N}$ in the circle group $\mathbb T$ is said to {\em $\mathcal I$-converge} to a point $x\in \mathbb T$ if $\{n\in \mathbb N: x_n \not \in U\}\in \mathcal I$ for every neighborhood $U$ of $x$ in $\mathbb T$. For a sequence $\mathbf u=(u_n)_{n\in\mathbb N}$ in $\mathbb Z$, let $$t_{\mathbf u}^\mathcal I(\mathbb T) :=\{x\in \mathbb T: u_nx \ \text{$\mathcal I$-converges to}\ 0 \}.$$ This set is a Borel (hence, Polishable) subgroup of $\mathbb T$ with many nice properties, largely studied in the case when $\mathcal I = \mathcal F in$ is the ideal of all finite subsets of $\mathbb N$ (so $\mathcal F in$-convergence coincides with the usual one) for its remarkable connection to topological algebra, descriptive set theory and harmonic analysis. We give a complete element-wise description of $t_{\mathbf u}^\mathcal I(\mathbb T)$ when $u_n\mid u_{n+1}$ for every $n\in\mathbb N$ and under suitable hypotheses on $\mathcal I$. In the special case when $\mathcal I =\mathcal F in$, we obtain an alternative proof of a simplified version of a known result.

Let $G$ be a multiple HNN-extension of an infinite cyclic group. We will calculate the intersection $(N_{p}){_\omega}(G)$ of the normal subgroups of finite $p$-index in $G$ thus generalizing the result of Moldavanskii for Baumslag-Solitar groups.

It is shown that if each element of a group $G$ of permutations on $\mathbb{Z}$ displaces points by a bounded distance, then infinitely divisible elements of $G$ are torsion. One can replace the metric space $\mathbb{Z}$ with one which is sufficiently tree-like and having uniform bounds on the cardinalities of balls of a given radius. As a consequence we give a positive solution to a problem of N. M. Suchkov in the Kourovka Notebook.

For a given group $G$, it is natural to ask whether one can classify all isometric $G$-actions on Gromov hyperbolic spaces. We propose a formalization of this problem utilizing the complexity theory of Borel equivalence relations. In this paper, we focus on actions of general type, i.e., non-elementary actions without fixed points at infinity. Our main result is the following dichotomy: for every countable group $G$, either all general type actions of $G$ on hyperbolic spaces can be classified by an explicit invariant ranging in an infinite dimensional projective space or they are unclassifiable in a very strong sense. In terms of Borel complexity theory, we show that the equivalence relation associated with the classification problem is either smooth or $K_\sigma$ complete. Special linear groups $SL_2(F)$, where $F$ is a countable field of characteristic $0$, satisfy the former alternative, while non-elementary hyperbolic (and, more generally, acylindrically hyperbolic) groups satisfy the latter. In the course of proving our main theorem, we also obtain results of independent interest that offer new insights into algebraic and geometric properties of groups admitting general type actions on hyperbolic spaces.

We characterize twisted right-angled Artin groups whose finitely generated subgroups are also twisted right-angled Artin groups. Additionally, we give a classification of coherence within this class of groups in terms of the defining graph. Furthermore, we provide a solution to the isomorphism problem for a notable subclass of these groups.

We show that Morse elements are generic in acylindrically hyperbolic groups. As an application, we observe that fully irreducible outer automorphisms are generic in the outer automorphism group of a finite-rank free group.

Let $G$ be a finitely generated virtually abelian group. We show that the Hirsch length, $h(G)$, is equal to the nuclear dimension of its group $C^*$-algebra, $\dim_{nuc}(C^*(G))$. We then specialize our attention to a generalization of crystallographic groups dubbed $\textit{crystal-like}$. We demonstrate that in this scenario a $\textit{point group}$ is well defined and the order of this point group is preserved by $C^*$-isomorphism. In addition, we provide a counter-example to $C^*$-superrigidity within this crystal-like setting.

This paper introduces new structural decompositions for almost symmetric numerical semigroups through the combinatorial lens of Young diagrams. To do that, we use the foundational correspondence between numerical sets and Young diagrams, which enables a visual and algorithmic approach to studying properties of numerical semigroups. Central to the paper, a decomposition theorem for almost symmetric numerical semigroups is proved, which reveals that such semigroups can be uniquely expressed as a combination of a numerical semigroup, its dual and an ordinary numerical semigroup.

In this paper we construct a continuum family of non-isomorphic 3-generator groups in which the identity $x^n = 1$ holds with probability 1, while failing to hold universally in each group. This resolves a recent question about the relationship between probabilistic and universal satisfaction of group identities. Our construction uses $n$-periodic products of cyclic groups of order $n$ and two-generator relatively free groups satisfying identities of the form $[x^{pn}, y^{pn}]^n = 1$. We prove that in each of these products, the probability of satisfying $x^n = 1$ is equal to 1, despite the fact that the identity does not hold throughout any of these groups.